Question, do these bodies have teeth? And if so would these teeth exist without the EU?

My understanding of the EU is that the only thing they can really do to coerce uncooperative members is threaten to revoke membership.

So, if these bodies are not EU, and it wants to impose a sanction against a member nation, by what mechanism can it enforce that?

Just wondering.

Reas this again like someone else wrote it. It’s condescending and patronizing. You’re not better than these people you judge.

Doesn’t matter what academics think or teach when this is what happens in the real world